Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory In Adult Gerontology Nursing

19 October 2023

Any Adult Gerontology Nurse Practitioner (AGNP), or individual considering moving into this booming area, will probably be aware that it involves more than supporting patients through short term illnesses or meeting their needs in a hospital or nursing home.

As a rule, the older a patient gets, the more likely they are to experience chronic health complications which interfere with their day-to-day tasks. For much of history, such patients were written off, encouraged to take to their beds and be supported entirely by others, doing very little. They often didn’t live very long. But all that changed on account of one remarkable nurse, Dorothea Orem, whose legacy continues to shape the nursing profession today. This article examines her groundbreaking self-care deficit theory and looks at how AGNPs might use it for their nursing career.

Dorothea Orem

Dorothea Orem was born in Baltimore in 1914 and studied nursing in the late 1930s. This was a time when nursing schools were still a new phenomenon and there was a lot of experimental thinking in the nascent profession. Though she spent time on the wards as a staff nurse, she also worked as an administrator and consultant over the course of her career, spending her later years focusing on theory.

A naturally focused and attentive person, she soon began recording observations about the patients she worked with, leading to her self-care deficit theory of nursing, for which she strongly advocated for her entire life. It was theory which, in its early years, transformed the way nurses thought about patients and their duties. It laid the foundations for nursing today.

Universal Self-Care Requisites

Orem’s theory recognizes eight universal self-care requisites, or SCRs. Here, universal refers to things every human needs, regardless of circumstance. Air is needed for respiration. Water is needed to maintain a healthy level of hydration. Food is needed to maintain healthy energy levels and prevent starvation. Elimination or toileting, a polite way of referring to the expulsion of urine and feces from the body, is required too.

In addition to these four things, Orem posits that every patient needs a balance of physical activity and rest. Everyone needs social interaction, but also some alone time. People need to manage their lives to avoid or remove hazards, and, finally, they need to promote normality. This means that they need to achieve and maintain a way of living and relating to the world which is normal for them as individuals and does not involve psychosis.

Health Deviation Self-Care Requisites

When patients are recovering from injury or illness, or living with a chronic illness or disability, they can be described as experiencing a health deviation. This is not pejorative – it simply establishes that they differ from the norm. Health deviations are more common in older demographics, as they have additional self-care requisites.

These requisites include following doctors’ instructions (taking medicine on time), identifying problems caused by their conditions and attending to them effectively (sitting down until a dizzy spell passes), and knowing when and how to seek help from a caregiver or healthcare professional.

It is also important that these patients can understand and accept that their bodies have changed and can adjust psychologically to cope with it.

What Is A Self-Care Deficit?

A self-care deficit occurs when people are no longer able to carry out basic tasks. This can be because a disability makes them physically impossible to perform, or a number of other reasons. For example, some people get so overwhelmed by the way their bodies have changed that they stop trying to live. This doesn’t mean that they don’t deserve sympathy – it is an understandable response to an extreme situation – but it might mean that there is potential for improvement.

For some people, self-care deficits are permanent or are likely to worsen due to progressive illnesses. For others, however, they can be temporary, even in extreme old age. Self-care deficits stemming from a broken arm, for example, will normally dissipate after the arm heals, but this is less likely if the patient has learned to feel helpless in the meantime.

Assessment, Diagnosis, And Implementation

When using Orem’s theory, nurses have three steps to work through. The first is undertaken during the initial assessment of a new patient and involves identifying any self-care deficits. These are not always obvious from looking at a patient and the process may require gentle but persistent questioning. Some people may be embarrassed and hesitant to talk if they are unable to care for themselves.

The second involves full diagnosis of the deficits, including establishing causes. The third step is to draw up a treatment plan based on these diagnoses. In her work, Orem stressed the importance of recognizing that every patient is a unique individual, so there is no one-size-fits-all approach to this type of planning. In each case, AGNPs will need to work with the patient to establish the most effective way forward.

Five Ways Nurses Can Help

There are five strategies nurses can use to address self-care deficits when establishing patient care plans:

For the most severely incapacitated patients, it may be necessary to perform actions on their behalf, such as washing or dressing them.
Patients struggling mentally or who lack confidence can be guided through actions, ideally to the point of independence.
Patients can be taught new ways of approaching day to day tasks which make them easier to accomplish, such as taking a break to have a shower in the afternoon if it is too hard to find the energy at other times.
AGNPs can focus on the patient’s environment, making it easier for them to carry out self-care activities, such as suggesting kitchen gadgets to reduce the physical effort involved in preparing meals.
Finally, AGNPs can train a family caregiver to provide appropriate support.

These five strategies involve numerous actions, skills, and tools that nurses can use. Patients may need particular assistance with the following tasks.

Helping With Eating

Patients should always be encouraged to do as much for themselves as is reasonably possible. When it comes to eating, nurses should start with encouragement. Many older people lose their appetite and don’t feel motivated to eat, especially when it requires effort. So, an AGNP can point out that they have more energy when they manage to eat regular meals.

If the patient can get food to their mouth by themselves, nurses should resist the temptation to assist, even if they sometimes drop the food. Instead, nurses can reassure them that this is not uncommon and all they need to do is take a little more time. Nurses should also be alert to the possibility of choking issues and arrange X-rays if concerned. If some food proves difficult to eat, they can discuss the possibility of dietary adjustments.

Helping With Toileting

Nurses should reassure patients that, awkward as they may feel, there is nothing to be embarrassed about. The nurse must ensure they can transfer on and off the toilet safely and consider options like raising the height of the seat or installing grab. If there is a risk of falling, AGNPs may suggest bedpans for use when no caregiver is present. If adult diapers are needed, nurses should ensure that patients know how and when to change them (even if they are not soiled) and how to protect their skin against rashes or bruises caused by wearing them. Finally, nurses can also discuss medical options for softening stools or speeding up or slowing down digestive transit.

Helping With Dressing And Grooming

A balance must be struck between helping patients be more independent in dressing and grooming themselves and enabling them to maintain a style or standard of appearance that is natural for them. Some older men prefer to be clean shaven but end up growing beards because it is easier to trim a beard than it is to shave safely and neatly, for example. Some clothing options can be easier to get into than others, depending on a patient’s particular mobility difficulties. Simple devices such as a stick with a hook on the end can make adjusting the back of a garment or doing up a zip much easier. Nurses should pay particular attention to footwear to make sure patients can stand or walk safely.

Reducing Hazards

Whether a nurse is helping a patient to move around and complete self-care tasks in a hospital ward, a care home, or their own home, they must always pay attention to hazard prevention. Hazards can include mess, a layout created without regard for disability, or other people or pets moving around. Nurses can start by ensuring that the patient is aware of the risks and can recognize dangerous situations.

They should discuss simple measures like installing handrails or changing routines to make it easier to keep the area tidy. Nurses can also ensure that the patient can summon help if something goes wrong, by persuading them to install an alarm system or carry a charged mobile phone at all times, for example.

Care With Communication

Often, older patients who have self-care deficits also have difficulty with communication, whether due to physical or cognitive disability. Depending on their lifestyle in recent years, they may also be unfamiliar with modern technologies, but shy about admitting this. It is important for nurses to make sure that when they are addressing issues around essential needs, the patient understand them properly and vice versa.

It can be helpful to use pictures in communication, which are often available in support materials. When meeting a patient in the place they are going to be living, the nurse and patient can explore it together (in stages, if necessary) so both parties can directly identify issues.

Seeing Each Patient As An Individual

An essential tenet of Orem’s theory is that patients must be treated as individuals. This increases the chance that they will stick to treatment plans, as well as directly improving their psychological wellbeing.

Any nurse that’s interested in Orem’s theory and is considering joining this field will be looking into gerontology nurse practitioner programs online. The best courses place a lot of emphasis on adaptability and on learning how to manage different types of patients in different environments. The program at the University of Indianapolis, for example, encourages students to develop the patience and listening skills essential to getting to know patients and making them a part of the process. This communication and relationship building is essential to developing plans which will really benefit patients over the long term. The course at the University of Indianapolis is an eight-semester program designed for working nurses, involving part-time study and an intensive clinical placement.

The Nursing Profession Continues To Benefit

Thanks to Orem and her self-care deficit theory, patients are no longer left to waste away as they begin to struggle with old age. Generations of nurses who have practiced this theory have observed that, even in later life, patients can often improve and regain their self- care abilities with the right support. Advances in assistive technologies continue to make this even easier.

The right support, focused on facilitating and encouraging independence, enables seniors to go on living satisfying lives on their own terms for much longer. Even when they need extensive practical support, giving them more control helps to maintain their morale and ability to navigate the final chapter of their lives. In the process of providing this support, AGNPs also get what they really want; to see their patients thrive, no matter what they must overcome to achieve it.

Additionals:

Barsha Bhattacharya

Barsha Bhattacharya is a senior content writing executive. As a marketing enthusiast and professional for the past 4 years, writing is new to Barsha. And she is loving every bit of it. Her niches are marketing, lifestyle, wellness, travel and entertainment. Apart from writing, Barsha loves to travel, binge-watch, research conspiracy theories, Instagram and overthink.

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How To Choose The Best Medicare Plan For Your Healthcare Needs

Navigating the vast array of Medicare plans available can be a daunting task. However, you can make an informed decision with proper preparation and a good understanding of coverage, networks, doctors, and plan benefits. Medicare Advantage plans, in particular, offer additional benefits and reduced out-of-pocket costs. Although, not all plans are created equal. Therefore, to ensure you make the best choice for your healthcare needs, it is essential to consider your options carefully. Moreover, you must ask pertinent questions about coverage, networks, doctors, and plan benefits. You can also get help from professionals with medicare expertise to help you find the best solutions for your health coverage. Doing so lets you find a plan that provides the coverage and quality of care you deserve. Here, let us dive deeper and understand the factors you must consider when choosing the best Medicare plan. How Do Medicare Plans Work? 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What You Eat Affects Your Productivity

You must have heard someone say “you are what you eat” at some point in your life but have you ever wondered what exactly does it mean? We’re all aware that the food we consume fuels our body, yet we tend to focus only on the long-term effects of our eating habits instead of the short term consequences of the decisions we make during lunchtime. Perhaps, our eating choices have a profound effect on our mental performance and productivity levels throughout the day. But how exactly does FOOD have the power to do that? And how can you control your productivity by watching what you eat? If you want to find the answers to all such question, keep on reading this article and we guarantee a lot of things will become clear to you. The Link Between Food And Productivity Our diets have a much greater impact on our productivity than we realize. In fact, eating the wrong foods at the wrong times can turn your day upside down. Essentially, whatever you eat has a way of making its way to your bloodstream and eventually reaching your brain. This is because almost every food item that we eat is broken down into glucose in our bodies. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate that can easily cross into the bloodstream to fuel our entire body and keep our brain awake. So when our body is short on glucose, like on an empty stomach, our brain finds it hard to concentrate, focus and perform. But since everything we eat is eventually broken down into glucose, what difference does it make if we eat a bowl of vegetable salad or two scoops of ice cream? Well, here’s the thing: the ability of a certain food to fuel our body and brain depends on the rate at which it can release glucose into our blood, also called the glycemic index (GI). Foods with a low glycemic index like oats or healthy salads release glucose slowly yet sustainably in the blood, regulating blood sugar levels and optimizing brain activity. On the other hand, foods with a high GI such as white rice an ice cream rapidly release glucose in the bloodstream, providing a burst of energy which the body can use immediately. However, the downside is that you’ll be left unfocused and distracted only after a few hours of eating. Moreover, starchy and sugary foods with high GI can impact sleep cycles and actually kill productivity. A sudden spike in blood sugar level increases insulin production in the pancreases which, in turn, floods the brain with hormones like serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that also acts as a precursor for the sleep hormone melatonin and regulates circadian rhythms which manage the internal clock of the body and the sleep-wake cycles. Thus, aligning your diet with the circadian rhythms allows you to harness your full potential and make the most of the day. 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Nuts and seeds: Nuts and seeds rich in Vitamin E and other antioxidants reduce cell inflammation and prevent cognitive decline. Fruits and vegetables: Most fruits and vegetables have a low glycemic index and hence are excellent brain power foods. Carrots, avocados, and blueberries are some choices you can opt for to increase your brain activity. Don’t Skip Breakfast In a study published by Roy Baumeister in his book, all children in a class were asked to skip breakfast before coming to school. Then, half of them were fed with a healthy breakfast after coming to school and it was observed that these children displayed better learning patterns and behavior than the other lot. When the unfed children were given a healthy snack during mid-day, their performance also improved. This study perfectly depicts the significance of eating proper breakfast every morning so make sure not to skip on this important meal even if you’re running low on time. Have Small Meals Throughout The Day Since unregulated blood sugar levels can suppress productivity, it’s wise not to let your glucose levels hit the bottom throughout the day. Thus, feast on small and frequent meals during the course of the day to maintain consistent blood sugar levels. You can have small portions of meals during lunch and dinner time and supplement them with 2 healthy snacks at mid-day and evening to fuel your brain more efficiently. Plan Your Meals Beforehand Last-minute eating decisions are not always the best ones since you’re more likely to cave in on unhealthy food cravings that are quite an inefficient source of energy. Hence, it’s good to plan your meals before you get hungry so that you don’t make unhealthy food choices later on. You can prepare your weekly meals over the weekend to save time on weekdays and stay away from ordering unhealthy food out of sheer laziness. Or you can order weekly meal sets from healthy food delivery services like ActivEats if you don’t have the time to cook for yourself. Perhaps, the key to productivity is in your own hands and making subtle changes in your lifestyle and eating habits like those mentioned above can be a step closer to achieving maximum productivity. Read Also: Eating Good Quality Foods For Diet Love Who You Are: How To Prevent Eating Disorders

Flexoplex Reviews: Is It the Best Joint Supplement Of 2020?

Joint pain is a discomforting symptom, is almost always accompanied by inflammation and limited mobility. Such manifestations are encountered in the older population, and especially in cases of arthritis. Apart from medication and physical therapy, one can consider taking joint health supplements such as Flexoplex to improve joint health. Flexoplex: Flexoplex is a natural joint health supplement, meant to relieve the painful swelling in minor and major joints. Moreover, thanks to its active ingredients, the supplement can help you resume everyday activities and improve your overall quality of life. Joint health supplements, such as Flexoplex, are recommended to those older in age. They can protect the joints against further deterioration and, at the same time, eliminate discomforting symptoms. However, they can also be taken by those who want to keep their joints healthy for as long as possible, maintaining the physiological range of mobility and preventing the cartilage from breaking down. How does Flexoplex work? Buy On Amazon The aging process is something we do not have power over. However, this does not mean we cannot act against the manifestations of this process, including the ones affecting the joints. Flexoplex addresses joint pain in a highly effective manner, eliminating inflammation and improving mobility. It targets both the symptoms and the root problem, providing beneficial results. There are several ways in which Flexoplex counteracts the consequences of aging, painful joints. With a revolutionary formula, it supports the joint repair process, reducing the amount of damage; it guarantees the healthy rebuilding and, thus, it reduces the risk of such problems in the future. A major problem associated with the aging process is the reduced amount of lubricating fluid in the joints. Given such changes, the cartilage can break down easily, leading to both pain and inflammation. Flexoplex can lubricate the joints and, thus, eliminate one of the most discomforting symptoms: stiffness. With a unique blend of ingredients, Flexoplex works to improve the overall range of motion. Thus, thanks to the newly obtained flexibility, one can resume previous activities and benefit from a better quality of life. Last, but not least, Flexoplex effectively relieves joint pain and inflammation. It works against all of the manifestations of arthritis, protecting the joints from future damage and keeping them mobile. Key ingredients of Flexoplex: The powerful joint pain relief formula is based on a number of carefully selected ingredients, each and every one of them with beneficial effects on suffering, aging joints. These are the active Flexoplex ingredients contained in this supplement: Glucosamine sulfate is a known ingredient, which supports joint health and cartilage flexibility. It provides effective relief from pain, especially in the case of osteoarthritis and when used in combination with chondroitin. Ensures proper joint lubrication and fights inflammation. Chondroitin sulfate improves joint mobility and relieves pain, being a good solution for osteoarthritis manifestations. It can support the cartilage to repair and rebuild itself, alleviating the joint discomfort in case of arthritis. It offers the best results when used together with glucosamine. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) addresses the manifestations of arthritis, providing relief from pain, inflammation, and associated muscle aches. Its efficiency is increased when used in conjunction with glucosamine. Rutin is a natural remedy with potent antioxidant properties. It is an excellent solution for arthritis, having the ability to reduce inflammation and provide relief from pain. It is recommended for rheumatoid arthritis, reducing the risk of associated deformities. Cat’s claw bark powder is another natural remedy, which has been in use for centuries. It has amazing pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties, being the perfect weapon against osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Boswellia Serrata gum powdered extract is a traditional remedy, with amazing properties on the manifestations of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It has powerful anti-inflammatory properties, providing relief from joint pain and improving overall mobility. Hyaluronic acid keeps the joints lubricated and prevents the deterioration of the cartilage. It cushions the joints and improves the shock absorption ability, plus it has potent pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties (improves the overall functioning of the joints). Bromelain, which is naturally found in pineapple, can reduce inflammation and improve joint function. It reduces stiffness and joint discomfort, providing the best results when combined with rutin and trypsin. Trypsin is a highly effective ingredient, which can improve joint function, provide relief from pain and inflammation, and eliminate stiffness. As mentioned, its effect is enhanced by bromelain. Flexoplex usage: Flexoplex should be taken by anyone who suffers from joint health problems, with manifestations such as pain, inflammation, and loss of mobility. It is recommended for different types of joint conditions, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, addressing not only the symptoms but also the root problem. With regard to the dosage, this is of four tablets per day. You should take two tablets in the morning, a short time after breakfast, and another dose – of two tablets as well – before going to bed (approximately one hour before bedtime). Always take the tablets with a glass of water, as this ensures they will be effectively absorbed. When using Flexoplex, it is important to follow the instructions on the package to the letter. This will ensure that the joint health supplement does its magic and eliminates the problems you have been suffering from. When it comes to Flexoplex results, you can expect to see an improvement in overall mobility. You can also consult your physician on using this particular supplement. Where to find Flexoplex? Flexoplex is available for purchase online, on the website of the manufacturer. Here, you will find the best prices, as well as free shipping offers, discount coupons, and additional incentives. First-timers can purchase one bottle for the price of $39.95, receiving a free bottle of GreenPura and a 60-day money-back guarantee (return the product if not satisfied). The Dual Flex System is another interesting Flexoplex order, available at the price of $63.90. This offer comes with free shipping and, of course, a free bottle of Greenburg. You can also purchase three bottles of Flexoplex for $119.85, taking advantage of the 20% off coupon. Five bottles of the supplement are at the price of $199.75, with a 25% off coupon being available for all purchasers. Customer overviews: Flexoplex has received a number of positive reviews, being appreciated as a highly beneficial supplement for joint health problems. It has helped those with knee injuries recover faster, not to mention it represents an excellent solution for joint pain management. It has potent anti-inflammatory properties, providing relief from painful joint swelling. According to those who have used the supplement, Flexoplex is a superior product – in comparison to other similar products present on the market. It helps with the manifestations of arthritis and it improves joint function, especially in older people. As it has no side-effects, it can be taken by those who suffer from chronic pain, which is a huge advantage to consider. Joint pain and relief: Supplements such as Flexoplex address the common manifestations of joint problems, with pain being the number one problem. The blend of active ingredients works against joint pain, providing much-needed relief. With supplements such as Flexoplex, you can finally keep the pain under control. Apart from these supplements, you can go to physical therapy and obtain additional relief from the pain. Hydrotherapy is beneficial as well, and you can also follow an anti-inflammatory diet. You can also consult your physician and inquire about additional solutions to obtain pain relief in aching joints. Final verdict: Flexoplex is an excellent joint health supplement, with the active ingredients working to provide relief from pain and inflammation. It improves overall joint function, increases the range of motion and supports the repair process. With Flexoplex, you will keep your joints healthy for many years to come! Read Also: 7 Simple Exercises That Can Relieve Back Pain In No Time Ways To Emotionally Deal With Chronic Illness Growth Factor Plus Vs Peak Height – Grow Tall Supplement Reviews Some Supplements You Need To Know Right Now A Little On The Side…Or Not? Your Guide To Supplemental Insurance Featured image: slideshare.net

Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory In Adult Gerontology Nursing

Dorothea Orem

Universal Self-Care Requisites

Health Deviation Self-Care Requisites

What Is A Self-Care Deficit?

Assessment, Diagnosis, And Implementation

Five Ways Nurses Can Help

Helping With Eating

Helping With Toileting

Helping With Dressing And Grooming

Reducing Hazards

Care With Communication

Seeing Each Patient As An Individual

The Nursing Profession Continues To Benefit

The Ultimate Guide To Finding The Best Dentist In Vaughan

Journeying With The Dying: How Hospice Chaplains Facilitate End-Of-Life Spiritual Transitions

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Barsha Bhattacharya

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How To Choose The Best Medicare Plan For Your Healthcare Needs

What You Eat Affects Your Productivity

Flexoplex Reviews: Is It the Best Joint Supplement Of 2020?

Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory In Adult Gerontology Nursing

Dorothea Orem

Universal Self-Care Requisites

Health Deviation Self-Care Requisites

What Is A Self-Care Deficit?

Assessment, Diagnosis, And Implementation

Five Ways Nurses Can Help

Helping With Eating

Helping With Toileting

Helping With Dressing And Grooming

Reducing Hazards

Care With Communication

Seeing Each Patient As An Individual

The Nursing Profession Continues To Benefit

Share this Article

The Ultimate Guide To Finding The Best Dentist In Vaughan

Journeying With The Dying: How Hospice Chaplains Facilitate End-Of-Life Spiritual Transitions

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Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Popular

Follow Us

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