Published on: 06 March 2023
Last Updated on: 16 February 2026
Manufacturing industries are a broad term rather that includes establishments engaging in mechanical, physical, or chemical transformations of materials or any of the substances into new products. Typically, these establishments use power-driven machines and materials-handling equipment to process their raw materials or contract with other manufacturers to do so for them.
Top Manufacturing Industries Of 2026
According to Fladger Associates, these manufacturing industries contributed more than $218 billion in sales to the state's gross state product last year.
1. Apparel & Leather
Apparel & Leather is one of the oldest and most widely produced manufacturing industries in the world, producing a wide range of goods, including footwear, bags, and garments. Its trade is presently over US$ 80 billion annually.
Leather, which is a natural or synthetic material created from animal hides, is popular for its durability and fashion. Its use has been around for centuries, dating back to the Ice Ages, and continues today to offer protection from harsh weather conditions.
The apparel & leather manufacturing industry comprises establishments that produce full lines of ready-to-wear and custom clothing. These establishments include apparel contractors performing the cutting or sewing operations through the materials which are owned by others, jobbers who perform entrepreneurial functions involved in apparel manufacture, and tailors who manufacture custom garments for individual clients.
2. Chemical Products
The chemical industry produces an immense number of products that impinge through virtually every aspect of any of the lives.
Most of the chemicals produced by this industry are sold directly to consumers, but some are used as intermediates in manufacturing processes. For example, many of the basic chemicals produced by the petrochemical industry are used as raw materials in making plastics and other goods that are sold by other companies.
Safety must be a high priority in the chemical manufacturing industry. The products produced can be flammable, explosive, corrosive, and toxic, requiring the use of high pressures and temperatures to prevent accidents. This is why the chemical industry operates within the safety limits demanded by national and international legislation.
3. Food & Beverage
The food & beverage industry manufactures and distributes fresh foods, packaged foods, and beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic). It also includes companies that provide catering services and transportation services.
The manufacturing industries are an essential part of the economy, accounting for 5% of the GDP and 10% of employment in the United States. It is also a growing market.
Profit margins in the food and beverage industry have decreased recently, but they should improve as commodity prices fall. Additionally, food is a necessary part of life and will continue to be so for years to come.
Several companies have been promoting healthy eating habits and offering products that are good for you. These are a part of the effort to make food less harmful for consumers while still maintaining quality and taste.
4. Fabricated Metals
Almost every object we encounter in our daily lives has gone through a metal fabrication process. It’s impossible to imagine the modern world without this vital industry.
Fabricated metals are products fabricated from raw materials, typically sheet metal that can be formed into a variety of sizes and shapes. This includes everything from small engines and car frames to windmill blades and alternative energy sources.
Fabricators have a wide range of processes and machinery that can create custom metal products with precise dimensions, intricate designs, and specialized finishes. From cutting and stamping to bending and coating, each piece is a unique project that requires different tools and techniques.
5. Machinery
Machinery refers to equipment used in manufacturing, such as stamping presses, robotic welders, and automated conveyor systems. This equipment needs to be perfectly calibrated and maintained in order to perform their tasks efficiently and correctly.
Alternatively, the word machinery can be used to describe all machines, whether they are in a factory or on a farm. Specifically, machinery, in this sense, refers to machines that are powered by electricity or natural forces.
The 10 manufacturing industries include establishments engaged in the mechanical, physical, or chemical transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products. These establishments include plants, factories, and mills.
6. Petroleum & Coal
Petroleum and coal are exhaustible natural resources that are used to make heat, lighting power, machine lubricants, and feedstocks for other chemicals and plastics. They are also used as a base for many other manufacturing industries products that we use in our everyday lives, such as refrigerants, aerosols, antifreeze, detergents, dyes, alcohols, explosives, and more.
Fossil fuels are naturally occurring materials that have been formed by geological processes over millions of years. These include coal, which is a rock that was formed from dead plant life that lived and died hundreds of millions of years ago, and petroleum, which is a liquid form of fossil fuel that was formed from plants and animals that live in lakes and oceans.
7. Transportation Equipment
The transportation equipment manufacturing industry produces a range of machinery that provides the means to transport people and goods. This includes motor vehicles and parts, aircraft, ships and boats, railroad rolling stock, and other miscellaneous equipment.
Establishments in this subsector use production processes similar to those of other machinery manufacturing establishments, including bending, forming, welding, machining, and assembly.
However, with the assembly of components and subassemblies, their further assembly in a finished vehicle tends to be a common production process in this industry group, which is a much larger number than any of the other machinery manufacturing industries.
This sector is a vital component of the transportation industry as it manufactures and builds various equipment needed for road, air, and water transport. It also plays a crucial role in the construction industry, where pieces of heavy equipment need to be transported from an excavation site to a construction area.
8. Paper Products
Paper products are manufactured by pulp and paper mills, which produce raw materials that are converted into a wide range of paper types. Common paper types include kraft paper, construction paper, and newsprint.
Pulp is produced from wood chips by mechanical or chemical processes that break down the lignin, a substance that makes up cellulose fibers. The resulting material is a thick, strong, and flexible substance that is typically coated with additives to increase its strength for printing or writing.
The paper is then pressed and dried to make it into paper sheets. Depending on the manufacturing industry's type, it may also be coated with coats of various chemicals that provide a glossy finish. Calendaring is also a critical step in the paper manufacturing process. This process enhances the surface properties of paper as it passes through a series of drum-type rolls.
9. Textile Mills
Textile mills produce a wide range of cloth products. These products are often woven, knitted, or printed.
These industries have changed the way people dress and decorate their homes. They also created vast new support industries and transportation and information networks.
For example, the textile manufacturing industries are responsible for creating the cotton sheeting and shirting fabrics that were so popular during World War I. The United States entered the war with a high demand for any kind of cloth and outfit for American troops, and many Georgia mills won government contracts for production.
However, the disjuncture between the mill owner's desire to give the maximum effort. Also, the mill workers, who desire to regulate for themselves the pace of their work, lead to serious labor tensions. Those tensions are helping spark the beginnings of union activity in textile areas across the South. By 1900, ninety-five locals had been organized.
10. Wood Products
Wood is one of the most abundant and versatile natural materials on earth. It has been used by humankind since its earliest beginnings and continues to play important roles in fuel, food, building, and transportation and as a raw material for many chemical products.
Despite competition from metals, plastics, and other materials, wood still plays an essential role in society. It is a renewable resource with the potential for management in a sustainable manner that minimizes environmental damage.
Wrapping Up
In North America, various federal and state agencies regulate forest management and timber conversion to promote the wise, efficient use of resources. The industry has also developed various certification systems that provide third-party assurance of adherence to stringent manufacturing and sound environmental principles.
In addition, electronic tracking is adopted by some wood companies to improve transparency in their supply chains of the manufacturing industries.
Abdul Aziz Mondol is a professional blogger who is having a colossal interest in writing blogs and other jones of calligraphies. In terms of his professional commitments, he loves to share content related to business, finance, technology, and the gaming niche.
In the fast-paced and dynamic world of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), managing peak call volumes in inbound call centers is a critical challenge.
Peak call volumes can arise due to various factors, such as seasonal fluctuations, marketing campaigns, or unforeseen events. To ensure seamless customer service and maintain operational efficiency during these high-demand periods, BPOs must adopt effective strategies.
In this article, we will explore non-promotional approaches to address the challenges associated with managing peak call volumes.
Data-Driven Forecasting and Planning
One of the key pillars of effective call volume management is accurate forecasting. BPOs should leverage historical data and advanced analytics tools to predict peak call times accurately. By identifying patterns and trends, BPOs can proactively allocate resources, adjust staffing levels, and streamline operations to meet the expected surge in call volumes. Implementing a data-driven forecasting model enhances the overall responsiveness of the call center, minimizing the risk of being overwhelmed during peak periods.
Flexible Workforce Management
Creating a flexible workforce is essential for managing peak call volumes. BPOs can implement strategies such as cross-training agents on multiple skill sets, enabling them to handle a variety of inquiries during high-demand periods. Additionally, adopting a flexible scheduling system that allows for real-time adjustments based on call volume fluctuations empowers call centers to efficiently manage resources. This approach ensures that staffing levels align with demand, preventing overburdened agents and long customer wait times.
Technology Integration for Efficiency
Embracing cutting-edge technologies can significantly enhance the efficiency of inbound call centers during peak periods. Implementing Interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems, chatbots, and virtual assistants can help address routine inquiries, freeing up human agents to focus on more complex customer issues. Furthermore, cloud-based solutions enable scalability, allowing BPOs to quickly adapt to changing call volumes without the need for extensive infrastructure investments.
Empowering Self-Service Options
Encouraging customers to utilize self-service options can alleviate the pressure on inbound call centers during peak times. Providing easily accessible FAQs, online knowledge bases, and tutorials empowers customers to find answers to common queries independently. By promoting self-service options, BPOs not only enhance the overall customer experience but also reduce the influx of routine inquiries, enabling agents to focus on more intricate customer interactions.
Real-Time Monitoring and Adjustments
Real-time monitoring is crucial for managing peak call volumes effectively. BPOs should invest in monitoring tools that provide insights into call queue lengths, average wait times, and agent performance. With this data at their fingertips, call center managers can make informed decisions and implement on-the-fly adjustments to ensure optimal service levels. Constant vigilance and adaptability are key components of successfully navigating peak call volume scenarios.
Conclusion
In the ever-evolving landscape of BPOs, managing peak call volumes is a critical aspect of delivering exceptional customer service. By employing data-driven forecasting, fostering a flexible workforce, integrating technology for efficiency, promoting self-service options, and implementing real-time monitoring, BPOs can navigate high-demand periods seamlessly. These non-promotional strategies focus on improving operational resilience and customer satisfaction, ultimately contributing to the long-term success of inbound call centers in the BPO industry.
Read Also:
Top 4 Creative Team Building Ideas for a Call Center Industry This 2020
Cloud-Based Call Centers Vs. On-Premises Call Centers
Why Your Business Needs Call Center Tracking
We all have a mobile phone, and it almost runs smoothly until and unless there some glitches or issues happen. And com.android.phone has stopped is one of them. Are you also facing these issues? Are you looking for ways to fix it?
Here, in this article, I will guide you with some easy and simple steps that you can try at home really quickly for fixing this issue. Generally, at the time of receiving a call, this com.android.phone has stopped issue occurs and shows an error message “unfortunately the process com.android.phone has stopped.”
Fix Com.Android.Phone Has Stopped Error In Your Phone
Here, I will tell you the easy steps to fix the com.android.phone has stopped the issue. You can try all these techniques on any android phone, including Samsung, Xiaomi, and many more. So, let’s get started with the fixes.
1. Reboot Your Phone
When you are sending a text message or making calls, or opening any app, this com.android.phone has stopped eros happens. In case you are facing this issue for the first time, you can try restarting your device.
After you have done rebooting your phone, check whether the eros is still there or not. In case the error still persists, do not worry; I have some more options to fix this error. So, let’s look into other available options.
2. Clear App Data And Cache
Clearing your cache and data for the phone app can help you in fixing the com.android.phone has stopped error. Follow the steps to perform this solution.
To open the apps list, click on the Menu option.
Select the Settings icon from the list.
Go to the Devices section.
Search and tap on Apps, or App Manager, or Application Manager.
Now select the app for which you want to clear data from the App window.
Once the Storage section opens, tap on the option names Clear Data.
Tap on the Clear Cache button under the Cache section.
Reboot your phone.
Check if the issue is solved or not. If the issue is still there, go on to the next option.
3. Clear Data And Cache Of The SIM Toolkit
If you are facing com.android.phone has stopped error, you can try to fix the issue by clearing the cache and data of the SIM toolkit. Follow the below-mentioned steps to do this.
Go to the Settings menu.
Select Apps.
Tap on SIM Toolkit.
Tap on Clear Data and also on Clear Cache.
Reboot your phone.
Now check if the issue is fixed or not. In case you are still facing the issues, try the next option.
4. Stop Automatic Updates
Some users also state that stopping the automatic date option has solved the com.android.phone has stopped error. In order to do that, follow the below-mentioned steps.
Tap on Play Store.
Now tap on the Menu icon.
Tap on the Settings option.
Now tap on Auto-update apps.
Choose the option of Do not auto-update apps.
Reboot your phone.
Once your phone turns on, check whether the issue is still there or not. If the error continues to show, try the following option to fix it.
5. Wipe The Cache Partition
Wiping the cache partition also has helped many users to fix com.android.phone has stopped error. Sometimes, if caches get corrupted, but the system keeps using them continuously, some issues like this happen.
As you can not delete the cache one by one, you need to delete the entire directory in order to solve this issue. And for doing that, you need to follow the steps that I have mentioned here.
Power off your phone.
Now, press and hold the Home and Volume Up keys.
Now press and hold the Power key.
Now release the Power key but keep holding the Home and Volume Up keys.
Now release both the buttons and wait for around 30 seconds to 60 seconds until the Android logo shows.
Using the Volume Down key select the option Wipe cache partition.
Now press the power key for selecting the option.
Now using the Volume Down key go to the Yes option and again press the power button to select it.
Now, wait till the time wiping your cache partition finishes.
After it completes, no go to the Reboot system now, and for selecting it, press the power button.
It will take longer to reboot your phone.
Once your phone reboots, check if the problem is fixed or not. If the issue is still there, here is another option for you to try.
6. A Factory Reset
If you have tried all the fixing options that I have mentioned till now and still you are facing com.android.phone has stopped error, there is one last option for you. You can factory reset your phone to fix this error.
In case you do not know the process of factory reset your phone, follow the steps below.
First, you need to power off your android phone.
Now press and hold the Home key, Volume Down button, and Power button at the same time. Your phone will boot into recovery mode.
Now use the Volume Up and Volume Down button to scroll through the entire menu.
Go to the option, Wipe Data or Factory Reset.
To select it, press the Power button.
For confirming the reset, go to the option Yes and select it.
Once the reset process is complete, and the same recovery mode menu screen will open.
Select the Reboot system now option.
I believe this will fix the com.android.phone has stopped error.
Final Tips
If you are facing com.android.phone has stopped error in your phone, try all the fixing options that I have mentioned here in this article. Any one of these 6 options will surely fix the issue you are facing, and your phone will be back again into proper functioning. Make sure you are backing up all the necessary data before starting with all these steps.
FAQ( Frequently Asked Questions)
How do you can cast from Firefox to Chrome cast?
If you want to enable the casting you can connect to the Wifi on the Chromecast. You can connect to the cast Icon of the video. Choose the device to cast too.
How do you can cast Firefox on your TV?
All you need to do is to send the Cast to play button on the device Icon to play the playback controls on the URL.
Where is the Cast button on Firefox?
There are certain steps you have to follow for playing the video to view the control buttons.
First, you need to start the videos and you need to view the cast or the control button.
Click on the top of the screen tap on the cast button.
From the menu option select the fire TV device.
The video will start playing on the Fire TV.
More Resources:-
Best iPhone Spy Apps Without Jailbreaking.
8 Incredible Tricks That You Didn’t Know Your iPhone Can Perform.
How To Use Chromecast From Firefox – Step By Step Guide In 2021
Only 10 years ago, it was far cheaper to construct new coal or gas plants than solar and wind projects, but all that has changed.
There are various strategies you can employ to reduce your electricity bills, including using less energy, enrolling in smart meter programs, and making your home more energy-efficient.
Hydroelectric
Moving water is one of the world's primary renewable sources. Large-scale hydroelectric power generation involves damming rivers or other structures to create pools of water at higher elevations, then when electricity is required it is released through a series of pipes known as penstocks into lower reservoirs where it turns turbines that generate electricity.
Mechanical energy generated from spinning turbines is converted to alternating current by transformers and then sent out for delivery across long distances to homes and businesses. Water's power can also be harnessed for tidal energy generation, using rising and falling tides to power hydraulic turbines similar to those seen at hydroelectric dams.
On an international scale, hydroelectricity is widely considered one of the cheapest sources of power production, second only to fossil fuels. This is why eco-conscious energy consumers choose hydroelectric power, when possible. You can click the link: https://bestestrøm.no/ for more information. Comparing rates can help ensure you find the best rates.
On a local level, run-of-river and small hydroelectric projects are much less costly, providing energy to remote regions which cannot afford the high upfront costs associated with large-scale dam and reservoir systems. Furthermore, such projects may even be funded directly by their beneficiary communities and produce surplus energy for sale to other users at an additional profit.
Hydroelectricity's main drawback lies in the disruption it can have on water flow. Dams can trap debris that would normally travel downstream, leading to siltation in reservoirs that reduce power production by the dams, and therefore less power can be generated overall.
Hydroelectricity is widely utilized around the globe to generate clean electricity, with China, Brazil, and India as major producers. Some of the largest dams worldwide - such as the Three Gorges Dam which holds back the Yangtze River - also function as hydroelectric facilities.
Pumped storage plant hydroelectric power is another type of hydroelectric facility, employing similar principles as traditional hydroelectric facilities but storing energy by pumping water uphill from lower elevation pools to reservoirs at higher altitudes, then pushing it back down through penstock pipes at the same elevation where turbines spin to generate electricity.
Geothermal
Geothermal energy is an abundant and renewable source of heat that can be harnessed to produce electricity without emitting harmful emissions, and at an extremely competitive cost compared to fossil fuels. Furthermore, unlike many renewables like wind power or solar PV panels, geothermal produces power 24 hours a day, making it a reliable source of power that helps control energy costs and serves as a viable replacement option.
Geothermal energy production utilizes underground heat and steam reserves. To harness it, wells are drilled into the earth to pump hot water or steam from deep within to the surface which is then used to turn a turbine and generate electricity, or directly heat homes, greenhouses, and other buildings.
Flash steam plants offer the cheapest method of energy generation from this source. These facilities take high-pressure, hot water from underground and pump it up to the surface via pipes with low-pressure tanks in them, where it quickly transforms to vapor, driving a turbine. Any leftover water in these low-pressure tanks can then be "flashed" again for extra energy extraction.
Enhance Geothermal Systems (EGS) are a relatively recent technology that can enable technicians to tap into Earth's abundant underground resources. You can visit this helpful site to learn more. EGS utilizes drilling, fracturing, and injection techniques to create thermal energy reservoirs in areas without current heat or steam sources but which are still permeable - tapping into an abundance of geothermal energy that's been lying dormant until now!
Geothermal energy offers many advantages over its alternative forms, not least being its lack of weather-dependent output, making it an excellent baseload renewable option. Geothermal is particularly suitable for regions experiencing extreme climate and frequent power outages.
Unfortunately, however, geothermal extraction of underground water may trigger earthquakes, release toxic gasses into the environment, disrupt local ecosystems, and lead to thermal pollution if it is not managed effectively.
Solar
At half a million dollars per panel, solar power was not initially cost-competitive with fossil fuels. However, its technology survived and now provides one of the least costly sources of energy ever available to humanity.
This incredible feat is due to a simple but powerful process: each time a solar PV plant is constructed, its costs decrease due to experience and learning from mistakes accumulated during the build process. This phenomenon is known as the economy of scale effect and can be found across various manufacturing industries.
Technology advances and government incentives have significantly driven down the costs associated with solar power, making installation more affordable for many consumers.
Leasing agreements and power purchase agreements (PPAs) help to mitigate upfront costs, making a switch more feasible for some individuals and households. Federal tax credits and some incentive programs can further help minimize upfront investments required when installing a home or commercial systems.
Other than its virtuous learning cycle, solar has seen its prices decrease due to various other factors: economies of scale as factories manufacture more panels; increased R&D efforts and engineering advancements that improve efficiency; lower production costs for raw materials as mining and processing become more cost effective; better batteries for systems that use them; operational experience with modules lasting longer; market competition etc.
The bottom line is that solar power now rivals coal and gas in terms of economic efficiency if given sufficient policy support, making it one of the cheapest sources available today.
With the right policies in place, solar can make carbon neutrality possible by 2050 - or earlier according to some forecasts.
Wind
Wind energy production is among the cheapest sources of power generation available today, driven by both decreasing fossil fuel costs and technological developments.
Furthermore, its production costs have been driven down significantly thanks to environmental-friendliness: unlike fossil fuels which produce pollution or greenhouse gasses, wind doesn't generate pollution or greenhouse gasses at all, making it an incredibly powerful energy source that makes an ideal choice for power production.
Wind currently is priced at only 2-6 cents per kilowatt hour in Europe which makes it significantly cheaper than alternatives such as natural gas or coal!
One of the reasons this energy source is so affordable is that wind turbines can be quickly installed without relying on costly infrastructure like power lines. Furthermore, wind power requires no ongoing maintenance costs and has proven its worth as an energy source in multiple countries across the world.
Before selecting the most cost-effective energy solution for your home or business, it is vitally important to compare costs associated with different forms of power generation. An accurate way of doing this is using levelized cost of energy (LCOE) analysis - this tool uses all costs associated with power plants over their lifespan and divides them evenly among their megawatt-hour output; making LCOE analysis one of the most accurate ways of comparing costs across energy types.
However, it is important to keep in mind that the cost of electricity from a wind farm depends on numerous factors - these can include wind speeds in an area, support from government bodies, and whether there is already infrastructure in place. Furthermore, the energy produced can vary based on weather conditions.
Clean energy provides electricity without polluting our environment in the same way fossil fuels do, thus increasing economic growth, improving national energy independence, and protecting public health by reducing harmful emissions. Thus transitioning towards clean energy is vitally important.
Clean energy is cost-effective. As technology for solar, wind, and hydropower continues to become more cost-efficient, building new clean energy projects has become more economical. At present, renewables cost less than half as much as coal-generated power generation.
Read Also:
6 Crucial Components For Solar Power Installation In Your Home
Solar Battery System Types – AC Vs DC-coupled
Best Paying Jobs In Energy
Apparel & Leather is one of the oldest and most widely produced manufacturing industries in the world, producing a wide range of goods, including footwear, bags, and garments. Its trade is presently over US$ 80 billion annually.
Leather, which is a natural or synthetic material created from animal hides, is popular for its durability and fashion. Its use has been around for centuries, dating back to the Ice Ages, and continues today to offer protection from harsh weather conditions.
The apparel & leather manufacturing industry comprises establishments that produce full lines of ready-to-wear and custom clothing. These establishments include apparel contractors performing the cutting or sewing operations through the materials which are owned by others, jobbers who perform entrepreneurial functions involved in apparel manufacture, and tailors who manufacture custom garments for individual clients.
The food & beverage industry manufactures and distributes fresh foods, packaged foods, and beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic). It also includes companies that provide catering services and transportation services.
The manufacturing industries are an essential part of the economy, accounting for 5% of the GDP and 10% of employment in the United States. It is also a growing market.
Profit margins in the food and beverage industry have decreased recently, but they should improve as commodity prices fall. Additionally, food is a necessary part of life and will continue to be so for years to come.
Several companies have been promoting healthy eating habits and offering products that are good for you. These are a part of the effort to make food less harmful for consumers while still maintaining quality and taste.
Machinery refers to equipment used in manufacturing, such as stamping presses, robotic welders, and automated conveyor systems. This equipment needs to be perfectly calibrated and maintained in order to perform their tasks efficiently and correctly.
Alternatively, the word machinery can be used to describe all machines, whether they are in a factory or on a farm. Specifically, machinery, in this sense, refers to machines that are powered by electricity or natural forces.
The 10 manufacturing industries include establishments engaged in the mechanical, physical, or chemical transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products. These establishments include plants, factories, and mills.
The transportation equipment manufacturing industry produces a range of machinery that provides the means to transport people and goods. This includes motor vehicles and parts, aircraft, ships and boats, railroad rolling stock, and other miscellaneous equipment.
Establishments in this subsector use production processes similar to those of other machinery manufacturing establishments, including bending, forming, welding, machining, and assembly.
However, with the assembly of components and subassemblies, their further assembly in a finished vehicle tends to be a common production process in this industry group, which is a much larger number than any of the other machinery manufacturing industries.
This sector is a vital component of the transportation industry as it manufactures and builds various equipment needed for road, air, and water transport. It also plays a crucial role in the construction industry, where pieces of heavy equipment need to be transported from an excavation site to a construction area.
Textile mills produce a wide range of cloth products. These products are often woven, knitted, or printed.
These industries have changed the way people dress and decorate their homes. They also created vast new support industries and transportation and information networks.
For example, the textile manufacturing industries are responsible for creating the cotton sheeting and shirting fabrics that were so popular during World War I. The United States entered the war with a high demand for any kind of cloth and outfit for American troops, and many Georgia mills won government contracts for production.
However, the disjuncture between the mill owner's desire to give the maximum effort. Also, the mill workers, who desire to regulate for themselves the pace of their work, lead to serious labor tensions. Those tensions are helping spark the beginnings of union activity in textile areas across the South. By 1900, ninety-five locals had been organized.
